urbanization gilded age

Lina was born on September 22, 1830 into a wealthy family who were part of New York City's Dutch aristocracy,[1] descendants of the city's original settlers. Changing alliances, shifting economic needs, and power politics all meant that the United States would need to tread carefully to maintain its status as a world power. OpenStaxCollege. Often the WCTU women took up the issue of women's suffrage which had lain dormant since the Seneca Falls Convention. What, you may ask, is the Gilded Age? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How was daily life on the farm different from city life in the late 1800s?, What key aspect of city living did Jacob Riis' book, "How the Other Half Lives", highlight?, What was significant about Kate Chopin's works? She and her ladies therefore represented the "Aristocratic", or the Old Money, whereas the newly wealthy Vanderbilt family would establish a new wave of New Money. [124][125] This protest has now been attributed to the far increased uncertainty in farming due to its commercialisation, with monopolies, the gold standard and loans being simply visualisations of this risk. [77], The largest and most dramatic strike was the 1894 Pullman Strike, a coordinated effort to shut down the national railroad system. Others, especially the Jews, had been driven out of Eastern Europe and had no intention of returning. Increased access to birth control has been statistically linked to reductions in the abortion rate. They mandated de jure (legal) segregation in all public facilities, such as stores and street cars, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for Black people. Industrialization and Urbanization 18731893. The mechanical size, scope, and efficiency of the railroads made a profound impression; people dressed in their Sunday best to go down to the terminal to watch the train come in. [188], The Protestant mainline denominations (especially the Methodist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Congregational churches) grew rapidly in numbers, wealth and educational levels, throwing off their frontier beginnings and becoming centered in towns and cities. Two major nationwide depressionsthe Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893interrupted growth and caused social and political upheavals. The slew of 1-star reviews of this title seem to be written by people who only watched the first 15 minutes and not the whole thing, but they still have a point. [3] Her older sister Elizabeth married General James I. Jones, who owned a vast farm in upper Manhattan called Jones's Wood. About 80% of the Black farmers and 40% of White ones lived under this system after the Civil War. The scientific housekeeping movement was promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women in the farm papers, and home economics courses in schools. The wheat farmers enjoyed abundant output and good years from 1876 to 1881 when bad European harvests kept the world price high. Economist Thorstein Veblen argued in The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) that the "conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure" of the wealthy had become the basis of social status in America. In which John Green teaches you about the Gilded Age and its politics. 3 (Sep., 2003), pp. He came up with the idea of making guns using interchangeable parts. [24][clarification needed] Funding came primarily from private finance throughout the Northeast, and from Europe, especially Britain,[25] with about 10 percent coming from the Federal government, especially in the form of land grants that could be realized when a certain amount of trackage was opened. 19 The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900. Subsequent negotiations reinforced the Open Door policy throughout China and the rest of Asia. This belief, and his strategy of speaking softly and carrying a big stick, shaped much of Roosevelts foreign policy. They wanted better streets, so they paved them with wood or granite blocks. The most strategic point for the construction was across the fifty-mile isthmus of Panama, which, at the turn of the century, was part of the nation of Colombia. Instead, Roosevelt sought to maintain a balance of power, wherein the various Asian countries kept each other in check and no single player grew too powerful. [96] "What little political vitality existed in Gilded Age America was to be found in local settings or in Congress, which overshadowed the White House for most of this period. [179], Career women were few. [6] Among her extended Schermerhorn family was first cousin, William Colford Schermerhorn,[7] the father of Annie Schermerhorn Kane, wife of John Innes Kane (a great-grandson of John Jacob Astor). [83], Large cities became dominated by political machines in which constituents supported a candidate in exchange for anticipated patronage. [150], Although the eastern image of farm life on the prairies emphasizes the isolation of the lonely farmer and the bleakness of farm life, in reality rural folk created a rich social life for themselves. The single greatest factor that fueled the progressive movement in America was urbanization. Although he supported the Open Door notes as an excellent economic policy in China, Roosevelt lamented the fact that the United States had no strong military presence in the region to enforce it. The Gilded Age presents a compelling and complex story of one of the most convulsive and transformative eras in American history. The older immigrants by the 1870s had formed highly stable communities, especially the German Americans. Introduction. [146], In 1869, the First transcontinental railroada combination of the Union Pacific from Omaha to Utah and the Central Pacific from Utah to Californiaopened up the far west mining and ranching regions. While the growth of America into an economic powerhouse is an amazing story, it came at a high cost to a lot of people and this needs to continue to be pointed out since this set the course for how we look at things today. [160][161], The New York art world took a major turn during the Gilded Age, seeing an outgrowth of exhibitions and the establishment of major auction houses with a focus on American art. ", Chad Montrie, "'Men Alone Cannot Settle a Country:' Domesticating Nature in the Kansas-Nebraska Grasslands,", Karl Ronning, "Quilting in Webster County, Nebraska, 18801920,", Nathan B. Sanderson, "More Than a Potluck,". Schools for Black people were far fewer and poorly supported by taxpayers, although Northern philanthropies and churches kept open dozens of academies and small colleges. [12] Railroad track mileage tripled between 1860 and 1880, and then doubled again by 1920. Wealthy industrialists and financiers such as John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, Henry Clay Frick, Andrew W. Mellon, Andrew Carnegie, Henry Flagler, Henry H. Rogers, J. P. Morgan, Leland Stanford, Meyer Guggenheim, Jacob Schiff, Charles Crocker, Cornelius Vanderbilt would sometimes be labeled "robber barons" by their critics, who argue their fortunes were made at the expense of the working class, by chicanery and a betrayal of democracy. The Gilded Age Basics Important Historical Figures Key Events network, unavoidable crop failures no longer doomed them to poverty. The subsequent discovery of gold in California in 1848 further spurred interest in connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and led to the construction of the Panama Railway, which began operations in 1855. [69] An especially large episode of unrest (estimated at eighty thousand railroad workers and several hundred thousand other Americans, both employed and unemployed) broke out during the economic depression of the 1870s and became known as the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, which was, according to historian Jack Beatty, "the largest strike anywhere in the world in the 19th century. Most went bankrupt. The term was adopted by literary and cultural critics as well as historians, including Van Wyck Brooks, Lewis Mumford, Charles Austin Beard, Mary Ritter Beard, Vernon Louis Parrington, and Matthew Josephson. [108], Irish Catholics had arrived in large numbers in the 1840s and 1850s in the wake of the great famine in Ireland when starvation killed millions. Cashman, Sean. The Gilded Age was marked by the success of the richest coupled with inequality and corruption. Unions had been fleeting and quickly extinguished before the Civil War. Immigration from Europe, and the Eastern United States, led to the rapid growth of the West, based on farming, ranching, and mining. Natives of the West came in conflict with expansion by miners, ranchers and settlers. Both parties cut across the class structure, with the Democrats more bottom-heavy and the GOP better represented among businessmen and professionals in the North. Annabel Wharton. Normandy was a province in the North-West of France under the Ancien Rgime which lasted until the latter part of the 18th century. Roosevelt articulated this seeming double standard in a 1904 address before Congress, in a speech that became known as the Roosevelt Corollary. Due to the increasing demand for unskilled workers, most European immigrants went to mill towns, mining camps, and industrial cities. Followers of the new Awakening promoted the idea of the Social Gospel which gave rise to organizations such as the YMCA, the American branch of the Salvation Army, and settlement houses such as Hull House, founded by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. Increased access to birth control has been statistically linked to reductions in the abortion rate. Excellent review of the circumstances and some of the personalities impacting the industrialization of our country following the Civil War and the continuing belief "the business of America is business"! Wealth, or accumulated capital, can also be a strong determinant of living standards in an increasingly unequal world. : NYU Press, 1993. The South remained economically devastated after the American Civil War; the region's economy became increasingly tied to commodities, cotton, and tobacco production, which suffered from low prices. Donate or volunteer today! To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Buenker, John D. and Joseph Buenker, eds. [13], Investors in London and Paris poured money into the railroads through the American financial market centered in Wall Street. Please contact Savvas Learning Company for product support. The political landscape was notable in that despite some corruption, election turnout was very high and national elections saw two evenly matched parties. In this addition, Roosevelt states that the United States would use military force as an international police power to correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation that might threaten stability in the region. Time4Learnings eleventh grade lesson plans give you everything you need to homeschool your junior student. All of these innovations contributed to urbanization as new industries lured people from farm to city. All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous. Boosters in every city worked feverishly to make sure the railroad came through, knowing their urban dreams depended upon it. To get in touch, email us at inequality.project@theguardian.com. Credits 3. With London and Paris as models, Washington laid 400,000 square yards of asphalt paving by 1882, and served as a model for Buffalo, Philadelphia, and elsewhere. "Rebellion" harked back to the Democrats of the Confederacy, who had tried to break the Union in 1861, as well as to their northern allies, called "Copperheads."[100]. In Looking Backward (1887), the reformer Edward Bellamy envisioned a future America set in the year 2000 in which a socialist paradise has been established. But when did the documentary become an assembly line commodity? The ratio takes the richest 10% of the populations share of gross national income (GNI) and divides it by the poorest 40% of the populations share. Introduction; 19.1 Urbanization and Its Challenges; Critical Thinking Questions; 20 Politics in the Gilded Age, 1870-1900. Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. In examining "The Gilded Age", this installment of American Experience seeks to clearly draw a line that, yesunfettered capitalism drove the economic rise of the US, but at the expense of the working class. This had a transformative impact on most sectors of the economy including manufacturing, retail and wholesale, agriculture, and finance. American steel production rose to surpass the combined totals of Britain, Germany, and France. [111] The network of Catholic institutions provided high status, but low-paying lifetime careers to sisters and nuns in parochial schools, hospitals, orphanages and convents. Republicans called for high tariffs, while Democrats wanted hard-money and free trade. Others built colleges and universities to train the next generation. Industrialization and the Gilded Age; Immigration and Urbanization; Progressivism and Reform; Imperialism and the Great War; The 20s and the Great Depression; What Is Included In Time4Learnings 11th Grade Lesson Plans? It has been suggested that obesity may lead to a halt in the rise in life expectancy observed in the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries. 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