cameroon independence

French Cameroons achieved independence on January 1, 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. Nicaragua: Ortega's rivals decry local vote clampdown. The two imperialist powers divided Cameroon into separate spheres of influence that were later formalised by the League of Nations: the forerunner to the UN. Without boasting his double capacity as eye-witness and as sous prefet of Foumban at that time, Emmanuel Njoya recounts the story as if it took place just two days ago. Dobell was later accused by the British of rebellion and insubordination and sent on punitive transfer to Rawalpindi in India (Rawalpindi is today in Pakistan). So far the civil war started by Anglophone secessionists has claimed 3000 lives. After Guinea, it was the second of France's colonies in Sub-Saharan. Ernest Harsch. AnAggregative Federationis the form of federation the Southern Cameroons voted for in the 1961 plebiscite it is formed by sovereign states which have internationally recognised boundaries. "Ahidjo was an agent of French colonialism. The atmosphere was kafkaienne: counting on their experience gained during the constitutional conferences in London and Lagos (Lugard, MacPherson, Littleton constitutions) the Southern Cameroons delegates worked really hard on the Draft brought to them from Yaounde. According to the French ambassador to Cameroon, Christophe Guilhou, relations between the two countries are positive. On Thursday night, the Southern Cameroons delegation handed the report of their work to the francophone side: the report contained amendments demanded by the Foncha delegation on the following points: 1. President, we shall always be completely loyal to you whenever you should request our collaboration for the larger interests of Cameroon. In 1960 French Cameroons gained its independence from France under President Ahmadou Ahidjo, becoming the Republic of Cameroon. A stern communiqu issued by the prefet of Mbouda on July 3, 1961 to the populations that were used to violating the curfew warned that nobody should be found outdoors from 10pm to 5am in the Mbouda urban area, and from 7pm to 10pm in the assembling campus in the area of Bamboutos (camps commando); that from 6.30pm, only the vehicles of the administrative authorities, army and police were allowed to move. The federal constitution of 1st September 1961 was signed by the president of La Republique du Cameroun, Ahmadou Ahidjo, alone; never by John Ngu Foncha, the Prime Minister of the Southern Cameroons. On the other hand, Litumbe said the Republic of Cameroon cannot prove that southern Cameroon was ever a part of it at independence. Let it be recalled that the latter three states were granted independence by the League of Nations, and the independence was later suppressed by the Soviet Union which then annexed them on the grounds that as small neighbouring states, it was their weakness that allowed the German troops to crush them very easily and then crossed their international boundary with the Soviet Union into St. Petersburg. But withGlassnok and perestroikabrought by Mikail Gorbatchov, the latter states regained their lost independence through the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation (UNPO) and the UN. 199 - 1957: Cameroon is administered Britain (20%) and the french (80%) under the Trusteeship of the League of Nations. On 1st September 1961, the amended constitution was promulgated as the federal constitution of the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Thus, the United States of America was formed as a country. English-speaking Cameroonians celebrated what they call the 2nd anniversary of their independence day on Oct. 1, 2019. Ngom Juas angry surprise seemed to indicate that even within the KNDP everybody was not aware of the handing of the draft constitution to Foncha. Endeley warned: Too much haste would have far-reaching consequencies on the people of the Cameroons. This paragraph put La Republique du Cameroun and Nigeria on an equal footing so that on 1st October 1960, the day fixed by the UN for independence for Nigeria, L a Republique du Cameroun and Nigeria had no legal link with the Southern Cameroons. The National Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) under the leadership of Dr. Flix Roland Moumi argued that reunification should precede independence. Germany's ring exchange with Ukraine: An assessment, Egypt: Alaa Abdel-Fattah close to dying, says sister. In that climate of high insecurity in the country, Ahidjo was very much worried about how to reassure the leaders of the Southern Cameroons; so in deciding on the choice of Foumban as venue for the conference, Ahidjo thereby wanted to prove to those leaders that he was the master of peace. After the debate, it can be ratified, meaning that it is good. Schools and most businesses are open. They urged Ahidjo to allow the country to be divided in two before the referendum. The brutal conflict unfolded in Cameroon, which on January 1 marks its 60th anniversary of independence the first of 17 African countries that became free from their colonial masters in 1960. Some accounts say 10 people were arrested, while others speak of seven. But Bismark, pressured by Von Papin, decided later to get colonies especially in Africa. Only 30% of a total of 300,000 visa applications were accepted in 2019. As concerns the others, we were given a special assignment to blindfold them: so each delegate had a refrigerator in his room, which was always full of champagnes and other assorted drinks; each big one among them had two refrigerators in his room, had a well-made bed with the most beautiful and expensive mattress and beddings. Numerous states later joined, and today the USA counts over 50 states. The next morning, President Ahidjo proclaimed independence, says cultural entrepreneur Luc Delors Yatchokeu, who lived with his parents in Mbanga, an hour's drive from Douala. A constitutional conference to be held to draft or workout an international Legal Treaty for the projected union with the assistance of Britain, the Southern Cameroons, La Republique du Cameroun, three experts in Constitutional and Administrative law. South Cameroonians, controlled by the British, were watching very closely what was happening on the French side. An assimilating government would have abolished English outright and mandated French and compelled compliance with the educational and legal systems of the French section. 12. It was not unlike what is happening right now in northwest and southwest Cameroon. 1884 - 1919: Cameroon (Kamerun) is a German colony. The other names can be justified only in domestic law, that is, within the framework of a national constitution. The brutal conflict unfolded in Cameroon, which on January 1 marks its 60th anniversary of independence the first of 17 African countries that became free from their colonial masters in 1960. Buy and Carry Act meant you buy them in cash. But with. This Treaty of Union could legally validate the YES vote retroactively. Cameroon Independence Day Patriotic Design.. The Southern Cameroons today is in the same situation as the three Baltic States (Estonia Lestonia Lithuania). The League of Nations was founded as an international organisation to promote, maintain and keep peace around the world. Some will argue that Anglophone Cameroon has been "assimilated" into French Cameroon. The 89-year-old did not attend the celebrations. Everyone seemed to know someone arrested, or threatened with arrest. So why are these celebrations being held here then if not to prove that the government truly sees the Anglophone region as incorporated into the union state? The brutal conflict unfolded in Cameroon, which on January 1 marked its 60th anniversary of independence - the first of 17 African countries that became free from their colonial masters in 1960. Find the perfect cameroon independence 1960 stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. If it is rejected, the work on these points must be done again satisfactorily. They should have obtained independence through a referendum organized by the United Nations, as happened in the Anglophone part of the country.". I have several reflections as to why these views are wrong and short sighted. First to arrive was the delegation of La republique du Cameroun du premier janvier 1960, headed by Ahmadou Ahidjo: it comprised Charles Assale (premier minister), Charles Okala (minister des affaires etrangeres), Josue Tetang (Secretaire dEtat a lInformation), Christian Tobie Kuoh (Secretaire general du minister des Affaires etrangeres), the Guinea-Conakry-born Cheick Kekou Sissoko (chef du Secretariat particulierdAhmadou Ahidjo). Nuclear risk: How does Zaporizhzhia compare with Chernobyl? Last Update: May 30, 2022. Separatist backers who live outside Cameroon refused to attend, demanding the government first release Ayuk Tabe and accept negotiations led by the Swiss government. The official independence date of a nation must be made as far back as possible to prove its political maturity. In order to curb the infiltration of terrorists into Bamoun country, the authorities had tightened preventive security measures: after a short period of relative calm, a curfew was reinforced in all the administrative units around Foumban effective from the beginning of July. SECTION 1 The Physical and Legal Birth of the Southern Cameroons under International Law. BUEA, CameroonFor the past five years, factions of a secessionist movement in southeastern Nigeria and a pro-independence movement in western Cameroon have been . Soon after the speeches, the trust and confidence of the Southern Cameroons delegation was rudely shattered by Ahidjo: to the surprise of the Southern Cameroons delegates, Ahidjo rudely requested them to make their observations on the Draft constitution. How can a war booty believe that it is the father or mother of a twin war booty? Primary and Higher education system. Nigeria was scheduled for independence later that same year, which raised question of what to do with the British territory. Expert Answers: French Cameroon achieved independence on January 1, 1960 as La Rpublique du Cameroun. Section 3 The international legal existence of the Southern Cameroons from 13 December 1946 to 1961 under United Nations Trusteeship; The French colonial troops from Tchad, Oubangui-Chari, Congo and Gabon, under the command of General Joseph AYMERICH, entered KAMERUN to fight the German troops. 1) The way to Independence for the Southern Cameroons is in the hands of the UN. As has been said many times: None of us is free until all of us are free. But in a world where mankind does unspeakable things every day, knowing and caring intimately about each one becomes impossible, so lets bring this closer to home. We shall in the nearest future set up a campaign for this purpose. The amended constitution could in no way become a Treaty of Union in international law as prescribed by UNGAR 1608 (XV) of 21 April 1961. 33921 A2 The British Secretary for the Colonies, Alfred MILNER and the French Minister for the Colonies and Navy, Henri SIMON, realizing that their combined troops were about to capture German KAMERUN, drew a line in 1916 to partition the German colony between Britain and France. Annexation is the appropriate name because it is justified in international law. Let us listen to Emmanuel Njoya, now 92 years old, who was the sous-prefet of Foumban in 1961; hear him: I became an administrative authority in 1955 as assistant DO of Foumban; from 1959 to 1963, I was the sous-prefet of the same town. School children march in celebrations marking Cameroon's 50th anniversary of independence. Powers and attributions of the federal president. PAGESWHO WE AREOUR IMPACTOUR FLAGOUR OBJECTIVE, The struggle for the independence of Southern Cameroon is far from over. And not that of Anglo-Saxon + Greco Latin linguistics. Lack or imbalance of Affectio societatis between Southern Cameroonians and camerounais; Section 1 The physical and legal birth of the Southern Cameroons under international law; Section 2 The international legal existence of the Southern Cameroons from 1919 to 1946 under the Leagus of Nations; Section 3 The international legal existence of the Southern Cameroons from 13 December 1946 to 1961 under United Nations Trusteeship; Section 4 The international legal existence of the Southern Cameroons from its annexation on 1st October 1961 to the expected independence. Independence Day in Cameroon is celebrated on January 1 since 1960. Britain and France set up administrations in their respective sectors. Five weeks later, precisely between 11 and 13 APRIL 1961, Ahidjo received in his palace, one after another, Njoya Arouna, and the nephew of the latter, Sultan Seidou Njoya of Foumban since then, these three personalities, even before all of them died, people have always been tight lipped about the agenda of their meeting; but one may guess that the guidelines of the proposed constitutional conference were discussed during the underground meetings of the trio Ahidjo Seidou Arouna. The Illegitimate and Illegal claim of Sovereignty over the Territory of the Southern Cameroons by La Republique du Cameroun on the grounds that the German colony of Kamerun ( Camereroes) became a German colony in 1884 by a Treaty signed between the German Consul GUSTAV NAGHTIGAL and the Kings of Douala. The Southern Cameroons today is in the same situation as the three Baltic States (Estonia Lestonia Lithuania). First of all, let me take the case of the United States of America, the leading democracy in the world. The Republic of Cameroon and South Cameroon became federal states. A federal assembly made up of a national assembly and a senate. The 1961 plebiscite and the fake bilingualism crudely imposed on both La Republique du Cameroun and the Southern Cameroons do not make the two countries a condominium because condominium is a matter of international law. Who are these key Ambazonians players ? Why are the other 37 states in America not agitating against this arrangement and calling for celebration of each of their separate dates of independence at the national level? I remember that the Food Market in Bamenda was built by French Co-operation money. When the map of the partition was sent from London to General Charles C. Dobell, he unexpectedly rejected the map, sent it back to London in protest on grounds that the partition of the land from the sea Tiko through Misselele to Muyuka is the area where he lost many of his men, and that land had been put in the French Sector according to the map; so he could never accept it; that that piece of land must be in the British Sector. All Rights Reserved. Ahidjo, standing by the edge of a very long table covered with a green cloth, opened the constitutional conference that brought together the delegates of la Republique du Cameroun and those of the Southern Cameroons which was still a UN Trust Territory evolving towards the termination of the Trusteeship Agreement and independence. 9. The Southern Cameroons was given an international status in 1922 as a League of Nations Mandated Territory under British Administration. But three years of war have done much damage. At 4pm Foncha took the floor and congratulated everyone for the team spirit and fraternity that prevailed during the working session. On 10 April 1960, presidential elections took place: the president was elected by the Deputes at the National Assembly. Almost the entire economy of the English-speaking part of the country has been badly affected. So the Mandate given to France was applied on its original portion of German Kamerun, that is, the current territory of La Republique du Cameroun since 1916. As for the agenda of the activities, it included ballroom dances every evening throughout the week; cocktails followed by ballroom dances in Auberge de Foumban, prefets residence, sous-prefets residence, Dr. Herves residence; these were the logistics put in place when the delegations set foot on the soil of Foumban on July 16, 1961. We should all defend our country always.". No international condemnation. He said independence from the Republic of Cameroon is. Cameroon has had only two presidents since independence and while opposition parties were legalized in 1990 only one party has ever governed. On July 4, 1776, 13 colonies in North America decided to proclaim a unilateral declaration of independence from Britain. Realising the seriousness of Dobells threat, London gave in and modified the map to include the disputed area in the British Sector as requested by Dobell. Foumban is a calm, sunny and beautiful town, where Ahmadou Ahidjo used to go to for relaxation because of his twin friendship between Sultan Seidou and Arouna Njoya. Which constitution? Southern Cameroons delegates shouted! Examples of aggregative federations are: Federation of the Federated States of Micronesia in the South Pacific, Senegal / Gambia. So, considering all those complaints, France returned to its colonies their respective portions of territory she ceded to Germany by treaties. Madame, I dont want trouble with the gendarme, one driver told me, after I had got in but could not find my card. It was on this legal ground that the UN envisioned the workout of a Treaty of Union for the projected federation according to the international law on Treaties. As the war progressed, Alfred MILNER and Henri SIMON signed an agreement to confirm the line in 1917: the agreement became known as the SIMON MILNER AGREEMENT which shared the German colony of KAMERUN into two sectors for Britain in the West and for France in the East. The same day, 13 December 1946, the U.N.O. English-speaking Cameroonians celebrated what they call the 2nd anniversary of their independence day on Oct. 1, 2019. "The huge numbers of people that came out in almost all the villages and towns is an indication of how much English-speaking Cameroonians are disgruntled with the domineering attitude of the French majority," Nsonka said. Non-accommodation of Anglo-French bilingualism on the grounds of the He knows that if he applies for a project against French competition he will lose out, because many government projects are awarded to French companies. Since 2016, the pro-independence militia has increased in what has been called the "anglophone crisis." Resolution 1608 XV of 21 April 1961 on the independence and union with La Republique du Cameroun. iii. In the case of New Hebrides, four months before Britain and France granted independence, a senior citizen of the English Sector, Stephen Maleku, unilaterally proclaimed a separate independence for the English Sector. La Republique du Cameroun started to govern the Southern Cameroons from 1st October 1961 when the Treaty of Union had not yet been worked out as prescribed by UNGA Resolution 1608 (XV) of 21 April 1961. In between the adoption of the UN Resolution 63 111 that created the UN Trusteeship Council, and subsequently appointed Britain as the Administering Authority for the Southern Cameroons, and the signing of the Trusteeship Agreement No Document A / 152 / REV2 for the Southern Cameroons between the UN and Britain on that same date 13 December 1946. On 6 August 1961, the National Assembly amended the constitution of 4 March 1960 by 88 YES votes, zero NO votes, and 6 abstentions. The British troops from the west and the French troops from the east had penetrated right inside the colony by 1916. The Sultan of Foumban, Seidou Njoya, was one of the very few dignitaries who were at the Yaounde airport on March 3, 1961 to welcome Foncha who had come to brief Ahidjo on the outcome of the plebiscite. English is an official language in Cameroon and Anglophones maintain their systems of education and their legal system. May 19, 2017 By Bouddih Adams SCNC and LRC flags The United Nations, on April 21, 1961, voted for the independence of the British Southern Cameroons. Thus, as the Federal Republic of Cameroon, the newly reunified African nation proceeded to tackle its post-independence problems: lack of industry, underdevelopment, a weak economy dependent on a . France and the Returned Lands from the expanded German Kamerun. Following independence, Prime Minister Ahmadou Ahidjo requested French military assistance to combat the UPC rebellion. Despite the enormous means in men and materials put at the disposal of the regular army, it was not easy for it to crush the rebellion led by the National Liberation Army of Cameroun, the armed wing of the UPC. A group of Cameroonian . "Once you have decolonized a people, they should no longer submit to France," Essama says in frustration. These same measures were taken in bafang, Bangante and Dschang. "The French rule by remote control. First steps to gain independence from France and Britain were made . The territory it claims are the western, Anglophone regions of Cameroon, the former Southern Cameroons which in 1961 voted to become independence from the United Kingdom and federate with the French-speaking Republic of Cameroon, which had gained its own independence the year before. There is no modification of international boundaries between States by domestic or internal law. Independence Day in Cameroon of winter month calendar january. After some discussion (which had been going on since 1959), a vote was agreed to and held on February 11, 1961. Decades after independence, Cameroon, once divided between the British and the French during the colonial period, continues to experience sustained conflicts between its Francophone and . ", Building contractor Etienne Essomba agrees. The Muslim-dominated North Cameroon voted to join Nigeria while South Cameroon voted to join East Cameroon as one country. Paul Biyas 35-year rule has been marked by allegations of corruption and cronyism. Unemployment: 30% (2011 est.). Violence Hits Cameroon Over English vs. French Government, UNDERSTANDING THE COMMON LAW- THE DIFFERENCE, UNCERTAINTY REIGNS AS THE MILITARY OF LA REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN RESORTS TO THE BURNING OF VILLAGES IN SOUTHERN CAMEROONS. Inflation: 2.6%. WHO IS WINNING, SOUTHERN CAMEROON OR LA REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN? Putin 'is not the only suspect' in Ukraine crimes, Islamabad rents rise amid influx of Afghan refugees. Today, the Englishman is rebelling," said Nfor. Germanys colonies were redivided after the first world war, not the second, as was originally stated. The International Legal Status of the Southern Cameroons since 1st October 1961 to date And in international law they cannot quit the federation because they are an integral part of the national territory. The Oct. 1 celebrations marked the second anniversary since separatists in Cameroon's Northwest and Southwest regions proclaimed an independent state they call Ambazonia. The Mandate of the League of Nations; This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. This was done in total violation of the strict and specific prescriptions of the UNGA Resolution 1608 XV of 21 April 1961 on the projected union between La Republic du Cameroun and the Southern Cameroons as the outcome of the UN-sponsored plebiscite of 11 and 12 February 1961 in the British Cameroons. Email:africa.federation@gmail.comwww.africafederation.net. Arouna Njoya(, Minister of interior, had been come ahead of the delegation to supervise the preparations for the conference. By the same Resolution 63-111 of 13 December 1946, the UN appointed Britain France Belgium Australia New Zealand Administering Authorities for the same territories over which there had been mandated powers of the defunct League of Nations. The international legal situation in the Southern Cameroons on 1st October 1961 was that, without a Treaty of Union, the Southern Cameroons smoothly moved backwards from the status of a UN Trust Territory it had from 12 December 1946 till 1st October 1961, to the status of a UN Territory the Southern Cameroons had on 11 December 1946. We shall jointly push to convince our people, the international community, and La Rpublique du Cameroun to agree to an UN-organized referendum for the people of the Once Independent State of Southern Cameroons as the shortest, best, and dignified way of ending this barbaric war. CMD / 3639 / 03 9 January 1931). The principle of accession in international public law applies in this case and we have acceded to a federation and later a unitary state. Taxi drivers would check as you got into their yellow cabs. There were expectations that British Cameroon too would quickly become independent and that this would pave the way for unification. 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