china developing country

#views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-body-value-wrapper { Looking forward, can it do what no other country has ever done by raising a massive population from the modest GDP per capita levels of a middle-income country to the prosperity of an advanced economy? [82] For example, China in 1997 was considered a developing country, with an overall economy that was first reaching $1 trillion and a GDP per capita that had yet to reach $900. Part of the answer is the repeated assertion by the Chinese government that it is a developing country. } [80] Addition of Greenfield Coal-Fired Power Capacity Has Exceeded That for All of 2019, Experts Call for Caution, , accessed June 11, 2020, https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-06-11/doc-iirczymk6391706.shtml. display: none; This is recognized by Chinese policy makers and analysts, who have undertaken various studies on this topic. #block-views-exp-event-search2-block .views-submit-button, #block-views-exp-event-search2-block-1 .views-submit-button { Several examples follow. [36] Thailands per capita residential electricity consumption in 2016 was 637 kWh/capita. clear: left; This will reduce the ongoing pressure to secure significantly larger amounts of energy, freeing up resources for other areas. Elon Musks Twitter deal reveals loopholes in U.S. national security oversight. The main reason for this argument is that developing countries are treated differently than developed countries in regards to global trade regulations and agreements, particularly in the powerful World Trade Organization (WTO). margin-bottom: 3em; [71] IEA, The Future of Cooling, May 2018, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-cooling. [93] Calculations based on data from the IEA statistics database and WEO 2019.. Against the current backdrop of economic and energy security anxieties (aggravated by factors such as the prolonged U.S.-China trade war and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic), it is uncertain when the Chinese government will begin to prioritize the low-carbon transition. Countries could argue for developing status in specific industrial subsectors too. Whenever there is a lot of money involved, even aspects such as national pride become less important and the issue of whether or not China should be considered an "emerging" or "developing" country is perhaps a textbook example. Report, Trans-Pacific flex: 1 1 50%; China GDP (2021): $17.73 trillion 21 Population (2021): 1.41 billion 16 GDP per Capita (2021): $12,556 17 HDI (2021): 0.768 18 China is a developing country. Over the past decade, China has pursued this model aggressively, making it the largest creditor to developing countries globally. The U.S. in particular has accused China of taking advantage of its self-declared status as a developing country in order to legitimize unfair trade practices, and has therefore suggested reducing the number of countries that would be eligible for preferential treatment by the WTO. Ultimately, Chinas ability to merge its development and growth objectives with emissions reductions will be one of the key factors affecting its best efforts to peak earlier, as well as the overall level of that peaking. [97] David Sandalow, Guide to Chinese Climate Policy 2019, Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy, 26, October 15, 2019, https://energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/report/guide-chinese-climate-policy. Both Norway and the U.S. are considered to be in the top tier of the HDI, which is known as very high human development. Learn more. flex-direction: column-reverse; According to the WTO, two-thirds of its 164 members including China currently consider themselvesdeveloping countries. This year marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. } China is now clearly viewed by the rest of the world as a case apart given the size of its emissions and the enormous financial resources that separate it from other developing countries. background-color: transparent; [120] The next 18 months should provide greater clarity regarding the extent of economic damage and slowdown in growth that China will suffer as a result of the pandemic. [17] Power Magazine, Who Has the Worlds Most Efficient Coal Power Plant Fleet?, March 31, 2017, accessed January 24, 2020, https://www.powermag.com/who-has-the-worlds-most-efficient-coal-power-plant-fleet/. The paper examines Chinas development position from the energy perspective, drawing on three principal dimensions: (1) the infrastructure and capacity limitations and other structural dimensions inherent in being a developing country, (2) the applicability of the developing country label and its ramifications under climate and other international frameworks, and (3) the impact of a countrys development status on its state of mind and ramifications for its policy approaches and other choices. } max-width: 300px; #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .views-widget { A better understanding by both Chinese and international stakeholders about the nature and implications of Chinas unique hybrid superpower status can help in designing energy policies and fostering an international framework that better promote sustainable growth, domestically and globally. China is the largest developing country in the world. China is expanding its natural gas network, constructing combined cycle natural gas power plants, liquified natural gas (LNG) regasification terminals, and import pipelines and expanding its gas distribution network to service its industry, residential (including for heat), transport, and power sectors. As a hybrid superpower, China has the capacity to overperform in its own decarbonization efforts and to lead other countries down a successful low-carbon pathway. } Chinas overall strategy in foreign affairs, including its foreign financial support, overseas investments, and diplomatic actions, has often been oriented to securing energy resources from other regions such as the Middle East and Africa. Its interest in ensuring the security of its energy imports and overall energy security will affect its deployment of commercial, financial, diplomatic, and military assets. [2] All economic data is sourced from World Bank DataBank, available at https://data.worldbank.org/. Several elements that are driving Chinas status as a superpower are creating pressure in various international contexts to remove the benefits it has enjoyed under the developing country label. As China projects its power abroad and readies to join the club of high-income countries,. . padding-top: 0px; Overcoming such implementation and enforcement problems is a persistent and daunting challenge for China, just as it is for developing countries generally. Nearly 250 million people are expected to still lack access to clean cooking in 2030. background: url(/sites/default/files/podcast-images/Big%20Switch2.png) no-repeat center center; #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li .view-mode-teaser, #block-views-podcast-search2-block .node-podcast-episode.view-mode-teaser_2.group-one-column { However, given the development drivers that will raise Chinas energy consumption, any ambitious emissions reduction strategy will require significant decarbonizing of the energy mix. [132] Anthony Kuhn, For Some in Chinas Middle Class, Pollution Is Spurring Action, NPR, March 2, 2017, accessed June 6, 2020, https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/03/02/518173670/for-some-in-chinas-middle-class-pollution-is-spurring-action. width: calc(100% - 52px); Chinas higher energy intensity of GDP also reflects its inadequate and deficient existing infrastructure base, particularly in its poorer regions, relative to advanced economies (including shortcomings in residential and commercial buildings and roads). -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; President Trump is hardly the first to take note of China's "developing country" status. [125] PMINDIA, Make in India, accessed December 24, 2019, https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/major_initiatives/make-in-india/. [53] BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf; IEA, IEA Electricity Information 2019, September 2019, https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-information-2019; and China Electricity Council, Data/Statistics, accessed June 6, 2020, http://english.cec.org.cn/No.110.index.htm. [42] The sourced National Bureau of Statistics data does not include comparable energy balance information for Tibet. } Under the WTO, developing countries can receive special and differential treatment, ranging from longer timetables for implementing agreements to weaker market access commitments. .page-node-5494 #block-ds-extras-research-authors .field-name-field-author .group-right { margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; margin-top: 3px; } In addition, the World Bank contends that the development of Chinas governmental institutions has not kept pace with the countrys economic growth, and that reforms are needed to ensure the rule of law and a healthy business environment. [8] Energy also provides important elements to evaluate the development stage of a country. The problem, however, is that the WTO does not clearly define what is a developing country and what is a developed country. China's Large Cities Most Anywhere in the World in 2017. Defense, China It presents an unprecedented situation for global affairs since the advent of the developing/developed classification that took root with the establishment in the 1940s of the World Bank: it is the worlds only hybrid superpower. Therefore, this could be used to define China as a developing country. This paper examines how the usual criteria employed by international organizations to determine a countrys development standing have become increasingly difficult to apply to China, given the dramatic changes it has undergone over the past several decades, notably from an energy perspective. Share. For example, under the data and classifications of the National Bureau of Statistics, the 2017 energy intensity for industry was 106 tce/million Yuan in 2017 (as compared to over 250 tce/million Yuan in 2000), which agriculture, construction and wholesale, retail, hotel and restaurants were 15 tce/million Yuan or below. However, only 36.2 percent of rural households have inside toilets, while those using outhouses account for 58.6 percent. Asia, Central } [66] There are concerns that Chinas recently concluded fourth National Economic Census may once again result in significant revisions to the previously announced statistics. Such a system would not need to be limited to a distinction between agriculture and industrial goods. Electricity is another area where many households face developing country conditions. [15] Peter Fairley, Chinas Ambitious Plan to Build the Worlds Biggest Supergrid,IEEE Spectrum, February 21, 2019, accessed July 21, 2020,https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/the-smarter-grid/chinas-ambitious-plan-to-build-the-worlds-biggest-supergrid. Roughly sixty percent of Chinas population lives in urban areas, but the average in developed countries hovers around eighty percent, not to mention the fact that there is a very wide wealth gap between those who live in Chinas cities and those who continue to live in rural areas. [55] China Electricity Council, Data/Statistics, accessed June 6, 2020, http://english.cec.org.cn/No.110.index.htm and WEO 2019.. A fuller analysis can be found in the IEAs World Energy Outlook 2018, November 2018, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2018. The export of these energy technologies will shape global markets and will affect emissions abroad. Beijings past and present rhetoric on climate change stresses that China is a developing country and should contribute accordingly. [98] Although Chinas economic growth was historically powered by industry, the share of services surpassed industry as the largest contributor to GDP in 2012, but it still remains far below that of OECD countries (see figure E.1). There are also other factors to consider, both economic and non-economic, when defining Chinas development status. [107] EY, China Go Abroad: How Will Chinese Enterprises Navigate New Challenges When Going Abroad under the New Global Trade Landscape?, October 2019, https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-china-overseas-investment-report-issue-9-en/$FILE/ey-china-overseas-investment-report-issue-9-en.pdf. Compilation and Translation Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, The 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the Peoples Republic Of China, 20162020, accessed December 31, 2019, https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease_8232/201612/P020191101481868235378.pdf. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li .group-left { David Sandalow, Guide to Chinese Climate Policy 2019, Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy, accessed April 20, 2020, https://energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/report/guide-chinese-climate-policy and Climate Watch, Historical GHG Emissions: Global Historical Emissions, accessed April 20, 2020, https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions. position: absolute; National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing, 2007, http://www.ccchina.org.cn/WebSite/CCChina/UpFile/File189.pdf and Editorial Board of the Third National Climate Impact Assessment Report () , The Third National Climate Impact Assessment Report (Beijing: Science Press, 2015). See There Are 128 Chinese Cities That Have Met Air Quality Standards in 2018, 2018121, accessed June 11, 2020, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-04/21/c_1124396387.htm. flex-wrap: wrap; The economic transformation designed by Deng Xiaoping allowed rapid growth and caused a gradual rise in the population's standard of living. [57] The link between air pollution and development is reflected in the composition of the worlds 100 most polluted cities in 2019, where developing countries such as India and China dominate the list, including 48 Chinese cities and 39 Indian ones, while no high-income country has a city in the list. Chinas position as a hybrid superpower will affect the domestic and international energy landscapes, including energy markets worldwide, domestic energy choices, and the energy investments and strategies of other developing countries. For example, while Chinas economy in 2018 was $9.6 trillion larger than Germanys (the worlds fourth largest economy), its cumulative GDP was nearly $60 trillion larger than Germanys over the preceding decade. China Will No Longer Be a Developing Country After 2023. max-width: 100%; Most recently, at the 2021 Climate Summit chaired by U.S. President Joe Biden, Xi lauded China as more ambitious than developed countries as the country would go from peak to zero emissions in a much shorter time. [45] IEA, World Energy Outlook 2018, November 2018, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2018. { From car ownership[70] to air conditioning,[71] Chinas increasingly affluent populations will be demanding more products and services powered by energy. margin-bottom: 5em; [136] J. Nakano, Greening or Greenwashing the Belt and Road Initiative?, CSIS Commentary, May 1, 2019, accessed April 20, 2020, https://www.csis.org/analysis/greening-or-greenwashing-belt-and-road-initiative. Its extensive foreign assistance program is raising anxieties in the capitals of many economies, notably Washington. Though this may sound like a symbolic change, the impacts on Chinas climate ambitions can be far-reaching. China's GDP is USD 17.73 trillion, its total population is 1.41 billion, its GDP per capita is USD 12,556 and its GDP growth rate was 8.1 percent in 2021. Chinas CO2 emissions from the combustion of coal, oil, and gas rose from 3.1 GtCO2 in 2000 to 6.0 GtCO2 in 2006 when it surpassed the United States as the worlds largest emitter (although the United States continues to have the biggest cumulative historical emissions and higher per capita levels as well). This paper analyzes Chinas development status through the lens of its energy sector and outlook, with particular attention given to climate change implications. The governments long-term objective, as articulated by President Xi Jinping, is to move the nation well beyond the status of a hybrid economy to that of an advanced one with the affluence, quality infrastructure, high standards of living, and global influence that these advancements can provide.[139]. China's dual status needs to be better reflected in Chinese policies - recognizing its global responsibilities -- and in those of the Western powers - recognizing China's limitations. The shift in Chinas state of mind away from a developing country and toward a superpower will likely accelerate going forward, driven by two dynamics. [114] U.S. EIA, China Surpassed the United Sates as the Worlds Largest Crude Oil Importer in 2017, February 5, 2018, accessed April 10, 2020, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=34812; Anil Mathews, China Emerges as the Worlds Largest Natural Gas Importer, Oil Monster, https://www.oilmonster.com/article/china-emerges-as-the-worlds-largest-natural-gas-importer/725; and Index Mundi, Coal Imports by Country, https://www.indexmundi.com/energy/?product=coal&graph=imports&display=rank. [79] NBS, Statistical Communiqu of the Peoples Republic of China, various years, accessed June 11, 2020, http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/StatisticalCommuniqu/ and CCTD China coal online database, accessed June 11, 2020, http://www.cctdcoal.com/list-167-1.html. Some 4.69 million rural households, or 2 percent of the total, have no toilets. The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting adverse impacts on economic activity will slow Chinas efforts to overcome its developing-country-related challenges. Chinas economic advancements have been achieved through the route of a centrally planned economic approach and reliance on state-owned enterprises [124] coupled with market-oriented reform. color: #494949; World Bank DataBank, accessed June 6, 2020, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=CN-US. For example, electricity generation capacity, which increased from 319 GW in 2000 to 1,870 GW in 2018,[55] is expected to double by 2040,[56] which will require massive investments in additional power plants. This shift in the treatment of China will likely be reinforced by its own efforts to exercise the economic and political influence of a superpower. border: none; [97] While some in the United States believe that its wealth and other assets will allow it to weather the negative impacts of climate change, China is not and will not be wealthy enough in time to withstand the negative economic impacts of climate change when they occur. [65] For example, Chinas national coal production in 2000, an issue of immense importance for Chinas economic planning at the time, was raised by 39 percent in two rounds of statistical revisions. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li:nth-child(2n) { However, even a crisis as dramatic as the COVID-19 pandemic is not expected to fundamentally alter Chinas trajectory in consolidating and advancing its transformation from a developing country into a hybrid superpower and beyond. China, however, does not need to be in a reactive mode in its interactions with the United States and other advanced economies when it comes to the international climate change agenda. color: #3649ac; For purposes of this paper, the basic reference for economic measurements is current US$. } [40] The four regions with the lowest residential electricity consumption rates (and with over 100 million inhabitants) consumed 30 percent less than the average for Vietnam, which is classified as a lower-middle-income country by the World Bank. #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .clicked .views-widget { [102] Middle-class expenditures are projected to more than double between 2020 and 2030. Since China first implemented its Open Door policy in 1978,[1] its economy has grown from less than $150 billion (current US$)[2] to over $13.6 trillion in 2018, and its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita has increased from $156 to $9,771. } [53] Some of this dependence can be explained by Chinas extensive and affordable domestic coal reserves. Periodic WTO reviews could ensure these roadmaps are followed. China exhibits several of the conditions that tie higher energy demand to economic growth in middle-income (and specifically wealthier upper-middle-income) countries. China's accession to the WTO in 2001 was the catalyst for the internationalisation and global integration of the Chinese economy, whose development has been steadily driven forward through its reform and opening policy since the 1980s. } Chinas ability to replace outmoded infrastructure has been constrained by its need to expand its systems to meet demand growth. Furthermore, for China, as for most other countries, the cost of wind and solar energy is on parity with fossil fuels. In 2022, that flow once again reversed as Russians fled into Central Asia. [50] Valentin Krusmann, Mobility in 21st Century China: Snapshots, Dynamics, & Future Perspectives, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, 2019, http://www.sustainabletransport.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/GIZ_Mobility_China_Germany-1.pdf. */ } [111] Jutta Bolt, Robert Inklaar, Herman de Jong, and Jan Luiten van Zanden, Rebasing Maddison: New Income Comparisons and the Shape of Long-Run Economic Development, Maddison Project, 2018, accessed January 25, 2020, https://ideas.repec.org/p/gro/rugggd/gd-174.html and Maddison Project Database 2018, accessed January 25, 2020, https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2018. Although the coverage of urban residential central heating in northern China has been expanding quickly in recent years, the reliability and quality of the heating service has been problematic. The number of people who escaped poverty is estimated at 800 million and . Chinas growing energy demandrequired to support economic growth and address its ongoing poverty challengeswill impact its ability to manage emissions. #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-field-author-name-value-wrapper .views-widget #block-views-exp-event-search2-block #edit-body-value-wrapper, #block-views-exp-event-search2-block-1 #edit-body-value-wrapper { float: left; To paraphraseConfucius: to get policies right, you need to get names right. is China still a developing country the development stage of a Chinese long March 5B launched Intensity is that policies and practices can be far-reaching developing/developed country attributes with major global clout, continues June 4, 2020, https: //endcoal.org/global-coal-plant-tracker/summary-statistics/ cut emissions, as for most other,. Kyoto Protocol negotiated shortly thereafter did not impose emissions reduction obligations on China it! 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